The RASopathies are a group of rare genetic conditions caused by mutations in genes of the Ras-MAPK pathway. Abnormalities of this pathway have profound effects on development and can cause one of several different syndromes, including: Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (CFC), Costello (CS), Legius (LS), Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan (NS) and Noonan-like (NS with Multiple Lentigines, NSML, formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; NS with Loose Anagen Hair, NSLH). These syndromes share many clinical features such as distinct facial features, developmental delays, cardiac defects, growth delays, neurologic issues, and gastrointestinal difficulties. While these individual syndromes are rare, as a group, the RASopathies are among the most common genetic conditions in the world.
[Pilar Magoulas, MS, CGC, 2013]
CFC syndrome
1:150,000 (unpublished, UK); 1:810,000 (Aoki et al.)
Costello syndrome
1:300,000 (Gripp et al., 2019)
Legius syndrome
[prevalence unknown]
Neurofibromatosis type 1
1:2,000 – 1:5,000
Noonan syndrome
1:1,000 to 1:2,500
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly LEOPARD syndrome)
[prevalence unknown]
Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair (NSLH)
[prevalence unknown]
Capillary malformation – Arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM)
[prevalence unknown]
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RASopathies Genes
This chart is provided as a guide. The relationship between clinical and molecular (gene) diagnosis is not hard-set, so someone who has features more like one syndrome but with a gene usually associated with another syndrome is possible. For some affected people, the diagnosis of RASopathy may be the best fit.
We will work to keep this up to date as genes associated with RASopathies continue to be discovered.
–RASopathies Network USA, April 15, 2015
Key:
X in a box = a strong match between the gene and the syndrome.
● in a box = people have been identified to look more like this syndrome (phenotype), though the gene is more commonly linked to a different syndrome (genotype).
* NSLAH = Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair
** NSML = Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines